Method and apparatus for the preparation of ketones

ABSTRACT

A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)                    
     wherein: 
     R 1  is cycloalkyl having from three to six ring carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or which has one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of R 4  and halogen.

This application is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 09/394,583, filed Sep.13, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,392,099, and this application claimbenefit of provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 60/109,261, filed Nov.19, 1998, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated hereinby reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to the preparation of ketonesand more particularly to a method and apparatus for preparingunsymmetrical ketones such as methyl cyclopropyl ketone (MCPK). Theinvention also relates to a method of using such ketone preparationmethod in the preparation of a herbicidal or other agriculturalcompounds.

2. Description of the Prior Art

In general, unsymmetrical ketones are useful as intermediates for theproduction of numerous specialty chemicals. More specifically, methylcyclopropyl ketone (MCPK) has a variety of current and potential futureuses including, among others, the production of specialty agriculturaland pharmaceutical compounds.

Numerous literature references cite and disclose various well-knownprocesses for the preparation of ketones. These processes includeoxidation of secondary alcohols, Friedel-Crafts acylation, reaction ofacid chlorides with organo cadmium compounds, acetoacetic estersynthesis and decarboxylation from acids, among others.

Text and literature references also detail problems associated withusing these processes to produce ketones. These include problems such asthe unavailability and/or cost of raw materials, the requirement ofmulti-stage processing, the low conversion of the raw materials and/orthe low selectivity of the desired ketones, and the production ofcorrosive or hard to separate products.

Ketone production processes have also been described in the patentliterature. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,528,400 and 4,570,021 disclosea process for the preparation of unsymmetrical ketones by a catalyticvapor phase reaction using reactants such as ketones with carboxylicacids. However, laboratory trials using acetone andcyclopropanecarboxylic acid resulted in the production of highquantities of gamma-butyrolactone, several pentenones and pentanones,but no MCPK.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,410,909 and 3,453,331 disclose processes for thepreparation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical ketones from aldehydescontaining up to 8 carbons in a non-cyclic saturated aliphatic chain.

German Patent Disclosure No. P36 37 788.0 (1986) discloses a specificcondensation reactor process for the preparation of methyl cyclopropylketone (MCPK) from cyclopropanecarboxylic acid or its derivatives.However, although examples from this patent show raw material conversionof from 58 to 99 percent and selectivity to MCPK of 42 to 75 percent,the liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) or weight hourly space velocity(WHSV) values of less than 1 (i.e., 0.25 to 0.99) minimize theindustrial usefulness of this condensation reactor process.

European Patent Application No. 0 085 996 also discloses processes forthe preparation of unsymmetric aliphatic ketones at atmosphericpressures (or slightly above) and at relatively low WHSV.

Still further, a reported disadvantage of all vapor phase tube reactorprocesses is the “coking” or deactivation of the catalyst andconsequential “plugging” of the reactors. This results in the loss ofproduction hours while the catalyst is being regenerated or replaced.

Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a method and apparatus forthe production of ketones, and particularly unsymmetrical ketones suchas methyl cyclopropyl ketone (MCPK) which utilizes readily available andinexpensive raw materials, which eliminates or minimizes reactorplugging, which provides for high conversion rates and high selectivityto MCPK and which dramatically improves the rate of production.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In contrast to the prior art, the present invention relates to a methodand an apparatus for producing ketones, and in particular unsymmetricalketones such as MCPK which overcome the limitations of the prior art.Specifically, the method and apparatus of the present invention utilizesreadily available and inexpensive raw materials, minimizes reactorplugging, results in high conversion and selectivity rates and providesfor increased production of the desired ketone. Generally, the rawmaterials used in the method and apparatus of the present inventioninclude an acid or aldehyde or their derivatives and a carboxylic acid.

More specifically, the present invention involves the preparation ofmethyl cyclopropyl ketone (MCPK) utilizing a tube reactor provided witha suitable catalyst ranging from about 1 percent to 25 percent byweight. The preferred raw materials or feed materials includecyclopropylaldehyde or its derivatives (such as cyclopropanecarboxylicacid) and acetic acid which are readily available through processesknown in the art. These raw materials are fed into a catalytic tubereactor where they are exposed to the catalyst and react to produce thedesired ketone and various co-products. Preferably, the new rawmaterials are fed from the bottom to the top so that the reactantmaterials flow vertically upwardly through the reactor. To minimizeundesired co-products as well as “coking” of the catalyst and thus“plugging” of the reactor, the optimum reaction temperature of thereactant feed stream is determined and the catalyst bed is preheated tosuch optimum temperature prior to the introduction of the reactantmaterials.

To further minimize downtime of the production process during theregeneration of catalyst or during reactor maintenance or repair,multiple or side-by-side reactors are provided with means forselectively directing the reactant materials to one or the other andremoving product and co-products from such selected reactor. Thispermits the non-selected reactor or reactors to be repaired and/ormaintained and the catalyst therein to be regenerated, if needed.

In the preferred embodiment and method of the present invention, thereactor is a vapor phase tube reactor in contrast to a condensationreactor or a batch stirred reactor. Further, the reactant materials inthe method and apparatus of the present invention are preferably fedinto the bottom of the reactor and caused to flow upwardly through thereactor over the catalyst. With this configuration, it is possible todramatically increase the LHSV or WHSV. This results in dramaticallyincreased production rates.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide animproved method and apparatus for the preparation of ketones and inparticular unsymmetrical ketones such as methyl cyclopropyl ketone(MCPK).

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method andapparatus for preparing MCPK in a tube reactor with a minimizedincidence of reactor plugging.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method andapparatus for the preparation of MCPK utilizing inexpensive and readilyavailable reactant or feed materials.

A further object of the present invention is to provide an improvedmethod and apparatus for the preparation of MCPK at high conversionrates and high selectivity to MCPK, with minimal undesirableco-products.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide a methodand apparatus for the preparation of MCPK at high production rates so asto result in an economically attractive process.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide a methodof using the above-described ketone preparation method to prepare aherbicidal or other agricultural compound.

These and other objects of the present invention will become apparentwith reference to the drawing, the description of the preferredembodiment and the appended claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The single FIGURE is a schematic illustration of the method andapparatus of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT AND METHOD

Reference is first made to the drawing which illustrates a schematic ofthe system or apparatus of the present invention and a flow diagram ofthe process in accordance with the present invention. While theapparatus and method are applicable to a wide variety of ketones andmore specifically unsymmetrical ketones, they are particularlyapplicable to methyl cyclopropyl ketone (MCPK). Accordingly, thepreferred embodiment and method will be described with respect to MCPKand a system and process used to make MCPK. Unless otherwise indicatedall percentages are by weight.

In the drawing, the primary reaction members comprise a pair of vaporphase tube reactors 11 and 12. If desired or needed, more than tworeactors could be provided to accommodate the specific reaction time orlife cycle of the selected feed materials and the regeneration time ofthe selected catalyst. These reactors 11 and 12 are preferablyconventional stainless steel catalytic tube reactors which are filledwith various combinations of an inert filler material and a catalyst. Inthe preferred embodiment, the inert filler material is comprised ofglass beads between about 3-10 mm in diameter, although it iscontemplated that various other materials can be used as well such asstainless steel beads, lava rock and sand, among possible others. Aportion of the reactors are also filled with a catalytic material topromote the desired reaction of the reactant materials. A variety ofcatalysts known in the art are useful in the production of ketones.These preferably include a catalyst carrier or support, which has beenimpregnated with a catalyst. Possible supports include metal or metaloxides such as alumina, silica, titania, zirconia and mixtures thereofand naturally occurring clay material such as montmorillonite or kaolin.Possible catalysts include, but are not limited to, metal or metaloxides such as oxides of cerium (CeO₂ or CeO₃), zirconium (ZrO₂), orother lanthanides, and the group III B, IV B and V B metal or metaloxides. The preferred catalysts are cerium oxide (CeO₂ or CeO₃),zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) or zinc oxide (ZnO). In the preferred method ofthe present invention, the catalytic material is CeO₂ provided on analuminum oxide (Al₂O₃) or a zirconium support oxide (ZrO₂) supportmaterial.

One method of preparing the catalyst in accordance with the invention isby impregnating the porous support material with cerium acetate hydrate,Ce(O₂CCH₃)₃·1.5H₂O. This gives 1.0 g of CeO₂/2.0 g of this precursor.The hydrate is dissolved as 200 g/L aqueous solution. The catalystsupport is dried at 450 C. for twelve (12) hours. Impregnation is by theincipient wetness method (drop-wise), at ambient temperature. Theaqueous solution can be divided to obtain the actual amount of catalystnecessary for the impregnation. Odd percentages can be obtained by using10 milliliters of the solution for each one (1) gram of actual catalystneeded. For 5 wt% CeO₂ catalyst, 50 milliliters of this saturatedaqueous solution is used per 100 grams of catalyst support. Forimpregnation of catalyst on the catalyst support greater than 5%,multiple applications should be used, with an intermediate drying stepat 120 C., to insure uniform coverage. For 10 wt% CeO₂ catalyst, two (2)50 milliliter solutions are used. The resulting catalyst support withimpregnated catalyst is then oven-dried at 450 C. for twelve (12) hours,prior to pretreatment in the reactor. Other precursors, such as ceriumnitrate and techniques, such as spray or tumble-drying, known to thoseskilled in the art, can be used to apply the catalyst.

The concentration of the catalyst in the reactors 11 and 12 ispreferably in the range of 1 to 25 percent by weight, with the preferredrange being 1 to 20 percent by weight. Such catalyst range, however,will vary with the particular catalyst and catalyst support and supportconfiguration being used. For example, with a CeO₂ catalyst on a Al₂O₃support having an exposed or effective surface area of about 178 m²/g,the preferred range is 10 to 20% and more preferably 15 to 20%. For aCeO₂ catalyst on a ZrO₂ support having an exposed or effective surfacearea of about 34 m²/g, the preferred range is less than 5% and morepreferably about 2 to 5%.

The distribution of the catalyst within the reactors 11 and 12 can vary.Preferably, however, the bottom ⅓ of the reactor is filled with inertmaterial in the form of glass beads, the middle third of the reactor isfilled with catalyst and the top ⅓ of the reactor could be empty orfilled with inert material in the form of glass beads.

In the preferred embodiment as shown, the reactors 11 and 12 arevertically oriented so that the feed materials pass vertically upwardlyfrom the bottom to the top of the reactors. However, the benefits of theinvention can also be realized with reactors having differentorientations so that the feed materials flow downwardly or laterallythrough the reactors. These latter orientations are not as preferred,however, because of an increased tendency to plug.

The raw or reactive materials in accordance with the present inventionare provided from a reactant material source or reservoir 14. Ingeneral, these reactant or feed materials will comprise a mixture of (1)a carboxylic acid or aldehyde or their derivatives and (2) a secondcarboxylic acid or its derivatives. As used herein, a derivative is achemical substance or compound which is derived from another. Forexample, because the OH of a carboxylic acid can be replaced by a numberof groups such as Cl, H, OR or NH₂ to yield acid chlorides, aldehydes,esters and amines, respectively, these are all considered derivatives ofcarboxylic acid. In the preferred embodiment, the reactant materialscomprise a mixture of acetic acid and cyclopropylaldehyde or itsderivatives (such as cyclopropanecarboxylic acid). The molar ratio ofthe acetic acid to the cyclopropanecarboxylic acid which makes up thefeed stream or feed material is preferably in the range of 2:1 to 20:1.More preferably, the ratio of acetic acid to cyclopropanecarboxylic acidis about 3:1 to 8:1 and most preferably within arange of 3:1 to 5:1. Themost preferred ratio is about 4:1. If desired, the feed materials can beprovided in separate reservoirs or from separate sources and thencombined in the desired feed ratio.

The feed material is fed from the reservoir 14 through a conduit 15 to apump or pressure member 16 which discharges the feed material into theconduit 18 at an elevated pressure greater than atmospheric. Thepressure is selected to optimize the reaction conditions (conversion andselectivity) and to maintain the feed materials in a gaseous state atthe selected reaction temperature. In the preferred method andapparatus, the feed material is pressurized to a range of about 10 psigto about 200 psig, and more preferably to a pressure of about 20 psig to100 psig. Most preferably, the pressure is provided at about 40 psig to50 psig.

From the pump 16, the feed material is directed through the conduit 18to a valve complex 19, which selectively directs the feed materialeither to the reactor feed conduit 20 or the reactor feed conduit 21. Asshown, the feed conduits 20 and 21 are connected respectively, to thebottom ends of the reactors 11 and 12. The reactor feed conduits 20 and21 include shutoff valves 22 and 24, respectively, for isolating thereactors 11 and 12 from the feed materials and facilitating the flow ofpurging or other materials, if desired. If more than two reactors areutilized, the valve complex 19 is modified and additional reactor feedconduits and shutoff valves are provided so that the flow of the feedmaterials can be selectively directed to each reactor, while selectivelyisolating one or more of the others.

The system of the present invention also includes a supply of purgingand/or regeneration materials 25 and 26. Such materials may be providedfrom any available source such as a reservoir or the like. In thepreferred embodiment, the materials 25 and 26 comprise air and nitrogen,respectively, although other materials known in the art can be used aswell such as hydrogen and methane. The materials are used during purgingor preheating of the reactors 11 or 12 or during regeneration of thecatalyst within the reactors 11 and 12. The materials 25 and 26 areprovided to the valve 19 through the conduits 28 and 29, respectively.The conduits 28 and 29 are also provided with a plurality of shut-offvalves 30, 31 and 32 to selectively control the flow of materials 25 and26 to the valve 19. Pressure regulators 34 and 35 are associated withthe valves 30 and 32. The valve 19 functions to selectively direct theflow of materials 25 and/or 26 to either the reactor feed conduit 20 orthe reactor feed conduit 21. The conduits 20 and 21 are provided withtemperature gauges 36 and 38, respectively, upstream of the valves 22and 24 The reactors 11 and 12 are also provided with heating means 41and 42 and means in the form of the temperature control and regulators44 for selectively controlling the heaters 41 and 42. Means formonitoring the temperature and pressure within the reactor are alsoprovided on each reactor 11 and 12 in the form of the pressure andtemperature monitors 45.

Outflow or product exit conduits 46 and 48 are connected with the top orupper ends of the reactors 11 and 12, respectively, for directing theoutflow from the reactors to a product separation means 51. Connectedwith each of the conduits 46 and 48 is a secondary or waste conduit 49and 50, respectively, for purging or regeneration material, which is notdesired to be, directed to the recovery means 51. Appropriate valves 52,53, 54 and 55 are provided in the conduits 49, 50, 46 and 48,respectively, for controlling the flow of the product and waste streams.If more than two reactors are provided, additional exit conduits, wasteconduits and associated valves are also provided.

The product recovery means 51 includes a receiver, a precipitation ordistillation column 56 and a pressure means or pump 58 to recover thepreferred product, namely, methyl cyclopropyl ketone (MCPK) from theexit stream. In FIG. 1, the MCPK is recovered through the conduit 60,with the other materials or co-products being recovered through theconduit 59.

Having described the apparatus and system of the present invention indetail, the ketone production method may be understood best as follows.First, one of the reactors 11 and 12 is selected for initial use in theprocess of the present invention. For purposes of describing thepreferred method of the present invention, the reactor 11 will beselected. In such case, the other reactor 12 is isolated from the systemby closing the valves 24, 53 and 55. The reactor 11 is then prepared forpreparation of the ketone, specifically MCPK, by activating the heater41 and providing a purging gas from the sources 25 and/or 26, throughthe valve 19 and into the lower end of the reactor 11. In accordancewith the preferred method, the reactor 11 is preheated by the heater 41to a temperature in the range of 350° C. to 500° C. and more preferablyin the range of 400° C. to 440° C. Most preferably, in accordance withthe present invention, the preferred reaction temperature is firstdetermined and the reactor is heated to this temperature. This preferredtemperature will vary to some extent with the composition of the feedstream, the concentration and type of catalyst, the liquid or weighthourly space velocity at which the reactor will be run, etc. The reactor11 is then heated to this preferred temperature.

When the preferred temperature is reached, the valve 19 is actuated tostop the flow of the purging or other gas to the reactor 11 and toprovide feed material of the desired composition from the reservoir orsource 14. In the preferred embodiment, this feed material is a mixtureof acetic acid and cyclopropanecarboxylic acid in the ratios set forthabove. This pressurized feed stream is supplied to the bottom of thereactor 11 so that the vaporized feed materials enter the reactor fromthe bottom and flow upwardly through the glass beads, the catalyst andthe glass beads before exiting through the top of the reactor 11. Duringthis process, the material in the feed stream and the conduit 20 issufficiently pressurized as set forth above by the pressure means 16 tomaintain the feed materials in a gaseous state at the reactiontemperature. The feed materials are fed through the reactor 11 at a ratesufficient to provide a liquid or weight hourly space velocity in excessof 1, more preferably in excess of 2 and most preferably in the range of5-20 or 10-20. As used herein and as known in the art, weight (orliquid) hourly space velocity (WHSV or LHSV) is the amount of rawmaterial (unit weight or volume) per unit weight or volume of catalystper hour.

During the passage of feed materials through the reactors, thetemperature within the reactors is maintained at the preferredtemperature. This temperature will vary depending upon the feedmaterials, the ketone being produced and the pressure within thereactors, among other possible factors. In general, the temperature andpressure are selected to achieve a desired reaction yield and tomaintain the feed reactants in their gaseous form. Normally, thereaction temperatures for ketone produciton will be in the range of 100°C. to 500° C. For a MCPK production process, the reaction temperaturewill be in the range of 350° C. to 500° C. and more preferably 400° C.to 440° C.

Within the reactor 11, the feed material reacts in the presence of thecatalyst and at the preferred temperature, to produce MCPK or otherdesired ketone along with other byproducts or co-products includingacetone and dicyclopropyl ketone. With the valve 52 closed and the valve54 open, this exit or product stream is then directed via the conduit 46to the recovery means 51 where the MCPK and other co-products areseparated from one another. Preferably, this separation/recovery processis a precipitation or distillation process known in the art.

With the method and apparatus as described above, conversion rates inexcess of 80% can be achieved with conversion rates commonly in therange of 95%-99%. Also, with the above method and apparatus, selectivityof the converted feed stream to MCPK in excess of 50% and commonly inthe range of 70%-80% can be achieved.

In the event the reactor 11 requires maintenance or for some reason thereactor becomes plugged or the catalyst needs regeneration, the secondreactor 12 can be quickly and easily utilized without resulting indowntime and thus loss of production or production rate. To accomplishthis conversion to the reactor 12, the reactor 12 can be brought up tothe optimum temperature and the valve 24 can be opened to allow the flowof purging or other gas into the bottom of the reactor 12 through thereactor and out through the conduit 50. Once the optimum temperature hasbeen reached and the reactor 12 has been sufficiently purged, the valve19 is adjusted to direct the feed material from the reservoir 14 intoand through the conduit 21 and through the reactor 12. When this isdone, the valves 53 and 54 are closed and the valve 55 is opened. Thepreviously used reactor 11 is then isolated from the feed materials andcan be isolated entirely from the system by closing the valve 22 or canbe provided with purging or regeneration material from the sources 25and 26 if desired.

In the MCPK process of the preferred embodiment, the reaction time orreaction life cycle is greater than the catalyst regeneration time.Thus, a pair of reactors 11 and 12 is sufficient to provide a continuousketone production process. As used herein, the term “reaction time” or“reaction life cycle” is the time during which acceptable reactionconditions exist (i.e., before catalyst regeneration is needed orplugging occurs) for the selected feed materials and selected catalystat the specific reaction variables of temperature, pressure, WHSV andthe like. The term “regeneration time” is the time needed to regeneratethe selected catalyst. If the specific feed materials, catalyst andreaction variables are such that the reaction time or life cycle is lessthan the regeneration time. More than two reactors are needed tomaintain a continuous ketone production process.

Having described the method and apparatus of the present invention indetail, the present invention can be further understood by reference tothe following examples.

EXAMPLES

Results of examples are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below for various feedcomposition ratios, operating temperatures and pressures and weighthourly space velocities and at various concentrations of catalysts.Specifically, Table 1 reflects a 10 percent CeO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst, whileTable 2 reflects a 15 percent CeO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst.

In the examples for the data in Tables 1 and 2, ½ inch I.D. stainlesssteel tube reactors were filled with glass beads, CeO₂ /Al₂O₃ catalyst,and glass beads (of approximately ⅓, ⅓, ⅓). The reactor was preheatedwith flowing air at a temperature of 520 to 560 C. An internalthermocouple was located at the catalyst bed for monitoring thetemperature. A standard controller was used for temperature control ofthe surrounding clamshell furnace and pressure was controlled using adiaphragm-type backpressure regulator.

Feed material in a molar ratio of 4:1 (aceticacid:cyclopropanecarboxylic acid) was fed into the reactor. For eachexample, the temperature, pressure and weight hourly space velocity wascontrolled to maintain “steady state” operation. Samples were taken fromthe output of the reactor and analyzed for cyclopropanecarboxylic acid(CPA) and MCPK for the purpose of calculating conversion andselectivity.

The CeO₂ containing catalyst was prepared by impregnating Al₂O₃ withcerium acetate hydrate via the incipient wetness method (drop-wise) atambient temperature. The support was dried at 450 C. for eight (8)hours. For the five weight percent CeO₂ catalyst one solution was used,for the ten weight percent CeO₂ catalyst, two solutions were used, andfor the fifteen weight percent CeO₂ catalyst, three solutions were used,each with an intermediate drying step at 120 C. The catalyst was thenoven dried on the support at 450 C. for eight (8) hours prior topre-treatment in the reactor.

The results were as follows:

TABLE 1 Example Molar Temperature Pressure Conversion Selectivity No.Ratio C. psig WHSV CCA % MCPK % M-11-1A 4:1 421 15 6-7 92 79 M-11-6A 4:1435 35 5-6 91 62 M-11-7A 4:1 431 44 3-4 98 64 M-11-8A 4:1 431 52 3-4 9870 M-11-9A 4:1 434 59 2-3 99 67 M-11-12B 4:1 433 48 3-4 96 76 10%CeO₂/Al₂O₃ (Engelhard)  Pretreated at 560 C., (Flowing Air)

TABLE 2 Example Molar Temperature Pressure Conversion Selectivity No.Ratio C. psig WHSV CCA % MCPK % M-50-48 4:1 430 40 5-6 94 50 M-50-64 4:1405 40 5-6 99 70 M-50-80 4:1 410 40 2-4 99 65 M-50-96 4:1 405 40 4 98 72M-50-112 4:1 420 40 6-8 99 71 M-50-128 4:1 410 40 6-8 96 72 M-50-144 4:1440 40 13-16 95 68 15% CeO₂/Al₂O₃ (Engelhard)  Pretreated at 520 C.,(Flowing Air) Ratio: Acetic Acid:Cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid WHSV:(Weight Hourly Space Velocity) Grams Raw Material per Gram Catalyst perHour CCA: Cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid MCPK: Methyl Cyclopropyl Ketone

In the examples for the data in Tables 3, 4 and 5, yield data(conversion and selectivity is shown for a CeO₂/ZrO₂ catalyst structureof 2%, 3% and 4%. In these examples, the temperature was in the range of410-450 C., the pressure was about 30 psig and the feed ratio of aceticacid to cyclopropanecarboxylic acid was 4:1. The other reactionconditions and equipment were similar to that of the CeO₂/Al₂O₃ exampleabove.

TABLE 3 2% CeO₂ZrO₂ Conversion Selectivity R₁M USK₁ WHSV % % 2 78 60 487 74 6 85 72 8 82 65 10  75 55

TABLE 4 3% CeO₂/ZrO₂ Conversion Selectivity R₁M USK₁ WHSV % % 2 86 82 490 83 6 91 85 8 91 86 10  92 83

TABLE 5 4% CeO₂/ZrO₂ Conversion Selectivity R₁M USK₁ WHSV % % 2 78 55 482 62 6 84 63 8 86 68 10  80 62

The ketones produced by the apparatus and method of the presentinvention can be utilized and combined with other processes to producevarious herbicidal or other agricultural compounds. Preferably, theketone production method of the present invention can be used, incombination with other process steps, to prepare such a compound of theformula (I)

wherein:

R¹ is cycloalkyl having from three to six ring carbon atoms which isunsubstituted or which has one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of R⁴ and halogen;

R² is halogen; straight- or branched-chain alkyl having up to six carbonatoms which is substituted by one or more —OR⁵; cycloalkyl having fromthree to six carbon atoms; or a member selected from the groupconsisting of nitro, cyano, —CO₂R⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —S(O)_(p)R⁷, —O(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵,—COR⁵, —N(R⁸)SO₂R⁷, —OR⁷, —OH, —OSO₂R⁷, —(CR₉R¹⁰)_(t)SO_(q)R^(7a),—CONR⁵R⁶, —N(R⁸)—C(Z)Y, —(CR⁹R¹⁰)NR⁸R¹¹ and R⁴;

n is zero or an integer from one to three; when n is greater than one,then the groups R² are the same or different;

m is one, two or three;

p is zero, one or two;

q is zero, one or two;

t is an integer from one to four;

R ³is straight- or branched-chain alkyl group containing up to sixcarbon atoms which is unsubstituted or which has one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OR⁵,—CO₂R⁵, —S(O)_(p)R⁷, phenyl or cyano; or phenyl which is unsubstitutedor which has one or more substituents selected from the group consistingof halogen, —OR⁵ and R⁴;

R⁴ is straight- or branched-chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having up tosix carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or morehalogen;

R⁵ and R⁶, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen or R⁴;

R⁷ and R^(7a) independently are R⁴, cycloalkyl having from three to sixring carbon atoms, or —(CH₂)_(w)-phenyl wherein phenyl is unsubstitutedor is substituted by from one to five R¹² which are the same ordifferent;

w is zero or one;

R⁸ is hydrogen; straight- or branched-chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylhaving up to ten carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or is substitutedby one or more halogen; cycloalkyl having from three to six ring carbonatoms; —(CH₂)_(w)-phenyl wherein phenyl is unsubstituted or issubstituted by from one to five R¹² which are the same or different; or—OR¹³;

R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently are hydrogen or straight- or branched-chainalkyl having up to six carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or issubstituted by one or more halogen;

R¹¹ is —S(O)_(q)R⁷ or —C(Z)Y;

R¹² is halogen; straight- or branched-chain alkyl having up to threecarbon atoms which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or morehalogen; or a member selected from the group consisting of nitro, cyano,—S(O)_(p)R³ and —OR⁵;

Y is oxygen or sulphur;

Z is R⁴, —NR⁸R¹³, —NR⁸—NR¹³R¹⁴, —SR⁷ or —OR⁷; and

R¹³ and R¹⁴ independently are R⁸,

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or metal complex thereof,

The process for preparing a compound of the above formula (I) comprises:

(i) reacting a compound of formula (II)

 wherein R¹⁵ is a straight- or branched-chain alkyl group having up tosix carbon atoms with a compound of formula (III)

 in an aprotic solvent in the absence of a base to form a compound offormula (IV)

(ii) reacting a compound of formula (IV) with a compound that contains aleaving group L such as alkoxy or N,N-dialkylamino, esp. ethoxy andCH(OCH₂CH₃)₃

 to form a compound of formula (V)

(iii) reacting a compound of formula (V) with hydroxylamine or a salt ofhydroxylamine to form a compound of formula (I),

 wherein the process further comprises producing the compound of formula(III) by:

providing a catalytic bed;

providing a raw material feed comprised of a R¹COOH or R¹COH and asecond carboxylic acid in the ratio of from 1:2 to 1:20;

passing said raw material feed through said catalytic bed at atemperature of between about 350° C. and 500° C. at a weight hourlyspace velocity greater than two; and

separating the compound of formula (III).

In the above process, the compound of formula (III) is a ketone producedin accordance with the ketone production method of the presentinvention.

The ketone production method of the present invention can also be used,in combination with other process steps, to prepare a compound of thefollowing formula (X)

The specific process steps comprise:

(i) reacting a compound of formula (XI)

 with a compound of formula (XII)

 to form a compound of formula (XIII)

(ii) reacting a compound of formula (XIII) with CH(OCH₂CH₃)₃ to form acompound of formula (XIV)

(iii) reacting a compound of formula (XIV) with hydroxylamine or a saltof hydroxylamine to form a compound of the formula (XV)

(iv) reacting a compound of formula (XV) with chloroperbenzoic acid oran equivalent to form a compound of the formula (X)

 wherein the process further comprises producing the compound of formula(XII) by:

providing a catalytic bed;

providing a raw material feed comprised of cyclopropane carboxylic acidor cyclopropane aldehyde and acetic acid in the ratio of from 1:2 to1:20;

passing said raw material feed through said catalytic bed at atemperature of between about 350° C. and 500° C. at a weight hourlyspace velocity greater than two; and

separating the compound of formula (XII).

In the above process, the compound of formula (XII) is methylcyclopropyl ketone (MCPK) produced in accordance with the ketoneproduction method of the present invention.

Further details of compounds of formula (I) and formula (X) describedabove are known in the art and described in one or more of PCTPublication No. WO 99/02476, U.S. Pat. No.5,366,957 and U.S. Pat. No.5,849,928, the substance of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Although the description of the preferred embodiment and method havebeen quite specific, it is contemplated that various modifications couldbe made without deviating from the spirit of the present invention.Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the present invention bedictated by the appended claims rather than by the description of thepreferred embodiment.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for the preparation of a compound offormula (I)

wherein: R¹ is cycloalkyl having from three to six ring carbon atomswhich is unsubstituted or which has one or more substituents selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁴ and halogen; R² is halogen; straight- orbranched-chain alkyl having up to six carbon atoms which is substitutedby one or more —OR⁵; cycloalkyl having from three to six carbon atoms;or a member selected from the group consisting of nitro, cyano, —CO₂R⁵,—NR⁵R⁶, —S(O)_(p)R⁷, —O(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵, —COR⁵, —N(R⁸)SO₂R⁷, —OR⁷, —OH,—OSO₂R⁷, —(CR₉R¹⁰)_(t)SO_(q)R^(7a), —CONR⁵R⁶, —N(R⁸)—C(Z)Y,—(CR⁹R¹⁰)NR⁸R¹¹ and R⁴; n is zero or an integer from one to three; whenn is greater than one, then the groups R² are the same or different; mis one, two or three; p is zero, one or two; q is zero, one or two; t isan integer from one to four; R³ is straight- or branched-chain alkylgroup containing up to six carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or whichhas one or more substituents selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —OR⁵, —CO₂R⁵, —S(O)_(p)R⁷, phenyl or cyano; or phenyl which isunsubstituted or which has one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of halogen, —OR⁵ and R⁴; R⁴ is straight- orbranched-chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having up to six carbon atomswhich is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more halogen; R⁵ andR⁶, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen or R⁴; R⁷ andR^(7a) independently are R⁴, cycloalkyl having from three to six ringcarbon atoms, or —(CH₂)_(w)-phenyl wherein phenyl is unsubstituted or issubstituted by from one to five R¹² which are the same or different; wis zero or one; R⁸ is hydrogen; straight- or branched-chain alkyl,alkenyl or alkynyl having up to ten carbon atoms which is unsubstitutedor is substituted by one or more halogen; cycloalkyl having from threeto six ring carbon atoms; —(CH₂)_(w)-phenyl wherein phenyl isunsubstituted or is substituted by from one to five R¹² which are thesame or different; or —OR¹³; R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently are hydrogen orstraight- or branched-chain alkyl having up to six carbon atoms which isunsubstituted or is substituted by one or more halogen; R¹¹ is—S(O)_(q)R⁷ or —C(Z)Y; R¹² is halogen; straight- or branched-chain alkylhaving up to three carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or is substitutedby one or more halogen; or a member selected from the group consistingof nitro, cyano, —S(O)_(p)R³ and —OR⁵; Y is oxygen or sulphur; Z is R⁴,—NR⁸R¹³, —NR⁸—NR¹³R¹⁴, —SR⁷ or —OR⁷; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ independently areR⁸, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or metal complex thereof, whichprocess comprises: (i) reacting a compound of formula (II)

 wherein R¹⁵ is a straight- or branched-chain alkyl group having up tosix carbon atoms with a compound of formula (III)

 in an aprotic solvent in the absence of a bse to form a compound offormula (IV)

(ii) reacting a compound of formula (IV) with a compound that contains aleaving group L  to form a compound of formula (V)

(iii) reacting a compound of formula (V) with hydroxylamine or a salt ofhydroxylamine to form a compound of formula (I),  wherein the processfurther comprises producing the compound of formula (III) by: providinga catalytic bed; providing a raw material feed comprised of a R¹COOH orR¹COH and a second carboxylic acid in the ratio of from 1:2 to 1:20;passing said raw material feed through said catalytic bed at atemperature of between about 350° C. and 500° C. at a weight hourlyspace velocity in the range of 5 to 20; and separating the compound offormula (III).
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the second carboxylicacid is acetic acid.
 3. The process of claim 1, comprising determiningthe preferred bed reaction temperature for said raw material feed andpreheating said catalytic bed to said preferred bed reactiontemperature.
 4. The process of claim 1, wherein said ketone is anunsymmetrical ketone.
 5. The process of claim 4, wherein said ketone isa cyclopropyl ketone and said aldehyde is cyclopropylaldehyde.
 6. Theprocess of claim 4, wherein said ketone is a cyclopropyl ketone and saidfirst carboxylic acid is cyclopropanecarboxylic acid.
 7. The process ofclaim 6, wherein said second carboxylic acid is acetic acid and saidketone is methyl cyclopropyl ketone.
 8. the process of claim 1, whereinsaid catalytic bed comprises a CeO₂/ZrO₂ catalyst structure in the rangeof about 1 to 5% CeO₂ per gram of ZrO₂.
 9. the process of claim 1,comprising maintaining said raw material feed in said catalytic bed at apressure in range of 10 to 200 psi as said raw material passes throughsaid catalytic bed.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said firstcarboxylic acid and said second carboxylic acid are different.
 11. Aprocess for the preparation of a compound of formula (X)

comprising: (i) reacting a compound of formula (XI)

 with a compound of formula (XII)

 to form a compound of formula (XIII)

(ii) reacting a compound of formula (XIII) with CH(OCH₂CH₃)₃ to form acompound of formula (XIV)

(iii) reacting a compound of formula (XIV) with hydroxylamine or a saltof hydroxylamine to form a compound of the formula (XV)

(iv) reacting a compound of formula (XV) with chloroperbenzoic acid toform a compound of the formula (X)  wherein the process furthercomprises producing the compound of formula (XII) by: providing acatalytic bed; providing a raw material feed comprised of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid or cyclopropane aldehyde and acetic acid in the ratio offrom 1:2 to 1:20; passing said raw material feed through said catalyticbed at a temperature of between about 350° C. and 500° C. at a weighthourly space velocity in the range of 5 to 20; and separating thecompound of formula (XII).
 12. The process of claim 11, wherein thesecond carboxylic acid is acetic acid.
 13. The process of claim 11,comprising determining the preferred bed reaction temperature for saidraw material feed and preheating said catalytic bed to said preferredbed reaction temperature.
 14. The process of claim 11, wherein saidketone is an unsymmetrical ketone.
 15. The process of claim 14, whereinsaid ketone is a cyclopropyl ketone and said aldehyde iscyclopropylaldehyde.
 16. The process of claim 14, wherein said ketone isa cyclopropyl ketone and said first carboxylic acid iscyclopropanecarboxylic acid.
 17. The process of claim 16, wherein saidsecond carboxylic acid is acetic acid and said ketone is methylcyclopropyl ketone.
 18. The process of claim 11, wherein said catalyticbed comprises a CeO₂/ZrO₂ catalyst structure in the range of about 1 to5% CeO₂ per gram of ZrO₂.
 19. The process of claim 11, comprisingmaintaining said raw material feed in said catalytic bed at a pressurein the range of 10 to 200 psi as said raw material passes through saidcatalytic bed.
 20. The process of claim 11, wherein said firstcarboxylic acid and said second carboxylic acid are different.
 21. Aprocess for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

wherein: R¹ is cycloalkyl having from three to six ring carbon atomswhich is unsubstituted or which has one or more substituents selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁴ and halogen; R² is halogen; straight- orbranched-chain alkyl having up to six carbon atoms which is substitutedby one or more —OR⁵; cycloalkyl having from three to six carbon atoms;or a member selected from the group consisting of nitro, cyano, —CO₂R⁵,—NR⁵R⁶, —S(O)_(p)R⁷, —O(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵, —COR⁵, —N(R⁸)SO₂R⁷, —OR⁷, —OH,—OSO₂R⁷, —(CR₉R¹⁰)_(t)SO_(q)R^(7a), —CONR⁵R⁶, —N(R⁸)—C(Z)Y,—(CR⁹R¹⁰)NR⁸R¹¹ and R⁴; n is zero or an integer from one to three; whenn is greater than one, then the groups R² are the same or different; mis one, two or three; p is zero, one or two; q is zero, one or two; t isan integer from one to four; R³ is straight- or branched-chain alkylgroup containing up to six carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or whichhas one or more substituents selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —OR⁵, —CO₂R⁵, —S(O)_(p)R⁷, phenyl or cyano; or phenyl which isunsubstituted or which has one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of halogen, —OR⁵ and R⁴; R⁴ is straight- orbranched-chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl having up to six carbon atomswhich is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more halogen; R⁵ andR⁶, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen or R⁴; R⁷ andR^(7a) independently are R⁴, cycloalkyl having from three to six ringcarbon atoms, or —(CH₂)_(w)-phenyl wherein phenyl is unsubstituted or issubstituted by from one to five R¹² which are the same or different; wis zero or one; R⁸ is hydrogen; straight- or branched-chain alkyl,alkenyl or alkynyl having up to ten carbon atoms which is unsubstitutedor is substituted by one or more halogen; cycloalkyl having from threeto six ring carbon atoms; —(CH₂)_(w)-phenyl wherein phenyl isunsubstituted or is substituted by from one to five R¹² which are thesame or different; or —OR¹³; R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently are hydrogen orstraight- or branched-chain alkyl having up to six carbon atoms which isunsubstituted or is substituted by one or more halogen; R¹¹ is—S(O)_(q)R⁷ or —C(Z)Y; R¹² is halogen; straight- or branched-chain alkylhaving up to three carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or is substitutedby one or more halogen; or a member selected from the group consistingof nitro, cyano, —S(O)_(p)R³ and —OR⁵; Y is oxygen or sulphur; Z is R⁴,—NR⁸R¹³, —NR⁸—NR¹³R¹⁴, —SR⁷ or —OR⁷; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ independently areR⁸, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or metal complex thereof, whichprocess comprises: (i) reacting a compound of formula (II)

 wherein R¹⁵ is a straight- or branched-chain alkyl group having up tosix carbon atoms with a compound of formula (III)

 in an aprotic solvent in the absence of a base to form a compound offormula (IV)

(ii) reacting a compound of formula (IV) with a compound that contains aleaving group L  to form a compound of formula (V)

(iii) reacting a compound of formula (V) with hydroxylamine or a salt ofhydroxylamine to form a compound of formula (I),  wherein the processfurther comprises producing the compound of formula (III) by: providinga catalytic bed; providing a raw material feed comprised of a R¹COOH orR¹COH and a of from 1:2 to 1:20; passing said raw material feed throughsaid catalytic bed at a temperature of between about 100° C. and 500° C.and at a pressure in the range of about 10 psig to about 200 psig and ata weight hourly space velocity in the range of 5 to 20; and separatingthe compound of formula (III).
 22. The process of claim 21, wherein saidpressure is in the range of about 20 psig to 100 psig.
 23. The processof claim 21, wherein the second carboxylic acid is acetic acid.
 24. Theprocess of claim 21, comprising determining the preferred bed reactiontemperature for said raw material feed and preheating said catalytic bedto said preferred bed reaction temperature.
 25. The process of claim 21,wherein said ketone is an unsymmetrical ketone.
 26. The process of claim25, wherein said ketone is a cyclopropyl ketone and said aldehyde iscyclopropylaldehyde.
 27. The process of claim 25, wherein said ketone isa cyclopropyl ketone and said first carboxylic acid iscyclopropanecarboxylic acid.
 28. The process of claim 27, wherein saidsecond carboxylic acid is acetic acid and said ketone is methylcyclopropyl ketone.
 29. The process of claim 21, wherein said catalyticbed comprises a CeO₂/ZrO₂ catalyst structure in the range of about 1 to5% CeO₂ per gram of ZrO₂.
 30. The process of claim 21, comprisingmaintaining said raw material feed in said catalytic bed at a pressurein the range of 10 to 200 psi as said raw material passes through saidcatalytic bed.
 31. The process of claim 21, wherein said firstcarboxylic acid and said second carboxylic acid are different.
 32. Aprocess for the preparation of a compound of formula (X)

comprising: (i) reacting a compound of formula (XI)

 with a compound of formula (XII)

 to form a compound of formula (XIII)

(ii) reacting a compound of formula (XIII) with CH(OCH₂CH₃)₃ to form acompound of formula (XIV)

(iii) reacting a compound of formula (XIV) with hydroxylamine or a saltof hydroxylamine to form a compound of the formula (XV)

(iv) reacting a compound of formula (XV) with chloroperbenzoic acid toform a compound of the formula (X)  wherein the process furthercomprises producing the compound of formula (XII) by: providing acatalytic bed; providing a raw material feed comprised of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid or cyclopropane aldehyde and acetic acid in the ratio offrom 1:2 to 1:20; passing said raw material feed through said catalyticbed at a temperature of between about 100° C. and 500° C. and at apressure in the range of about 10 psig to about 200 psig and at a weighthourly space velocity in the range of 5 to 20; and separating thecompound of formula (XII).
 33. The process of claim 32, wherein saidpressure is in the range of about 20 psig to 100 psig.
 34. The processof claim 32, wherein the second carboxylic acid is acetic acid.
 35. Theprocess of claim 32, comprising determining the preferred bed reactiontemperature for said raw material feed and preheating said catalytic bedto said preferred bed reaction temperature.
 36. The process of claim 32,wherein said ketone is an unsymmetrical ketone.
 37. The process of claim34, wherein said ketone is a cyclopropyl ketone and said aldehyde iscyclopropylaldehyde.
 38. The process of claim 34, wherein said ketone isa cyclopropyl ketone and said first carboxylic acid iscyclopropanecarboxylic acid.
 39. The process of claim 36, wherein saidsecond carboxylic acid is acetic acid and said ketone is methylcyclopropyl ketone.
 40. The process of claim 32, wherein said catalyticbed comprises a CeO₂/ZrO₂ catalyst structure in the range of about 1 to5% CeO₂ per gram of ZrO₂.
 41. The process of claim 32, comprisingmaintaining said raw material feed in said catalytic bed at a pressurein the range of 10 to 200 psi as said raw material passes through saidcatalytic bed.
 42. The process of claim 32, wherein said firstcarboxylic acid and said second carboxylic acid are different.